Report Footnotes

1 UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2023 (Pg- 20)

which estimates India’s total population (in thousands) 2021 as 1,407,564 and India’s population under 18 (in thousands) 2021 as 438,164.

UNICEF

The Climate Crisis is a Child Rights Crisis, August 2021.

Prevent child labour, protect children in conflict and disaster,

International Labour Organization, 2017

Literature Review - Trafficking in Humanitarian Emergencies,

USAID, 2006

CEEW’s Climate Vulnerability Index.

Bridgespan analysis based on a sample of 324 districts vulnerable to climate-related disasters as per the index.

Women at the Frontline of Climate Change,Gender Risks and Hopes,

UN Environment Program, 2021

How disasters, poverty fuel human trafficking

Down To Earth, 2021.

Humanitarian Action for Children, India

UNICEF, 2023

Global Climate Risk Index 2021

by Germanwatch.

The Climate Crisis is a Child Rights Crisis

UNICEF, 2021

Children’s Climate Risk Index 2023

UNICEF

Namely water scarcity, riverine floods, coastal floods, tropical cyclones,vector borne diseases, heatwaves,air pollution, soil and water pollution.

CCRI determines children’s vulnerability based on a country’s metrics on child health and nutrition, education, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), poverty, communication assets, and social protection.

Humanitarian Action for Children, India,

UNICEF, 2023; The number of children impacted annually is de rived from a 10-year average of the number of disaster-impacted children.

Global heating to put 600 million Indians at greatest future risk,

Down To Earth, 2023;

Quantifying the human cost of global warming,

Nature Sustainability, 2023 and Bridgespan analysis based on study indicating a total of 600 million people impacted.

Climate Vulnerability Index 2021

by CEEW; Hydro-met events include floods, droughts, and cyclones.

Heat Index by University of Cambridge

Those who, among other things, possess limited financial resources and abilities to adapt and who are frequently excluded from social safety nets.

The State of the World’s Children 2023

by UNICEF, which estimates India’s total population (in thousands) 2021 as 1,407,564 and India’s population under 18 (in thousands) 2021 as 438,164.

UNICEF

The Climate Crisis is a Child Rights Crisis, August 2021.

Information Kit on Children in Need of Care & Protection, Issues,Programmes &Services

NIPCCD, 2021

A Case for Functional Social Protection Portability to Address Vulnerabilities of Migration-affected Children

Bridgespan analysis based on EPW, 2022

India National Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023

Bridgespan analysis based on India National Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023 by NITI Aayog and FACT SHEET: Child labour in India, International Labour Organization, 2017.

Child labour rises to 160 million – first increase in two decades

UNICEF, 2021.

Ending child marriage and adolescent empowerment

UNICEF, 2023

India to overtake China as world’s most populous country in April 2023, United Nations projects,

Bridgespan analysis based on India to overtake China as world’s most populous country in April 2023, United Nations projects, United Nations, 2023;

How many children are there in India?

World Bank Data 2023

Census of India 2011

Orphaned Children and Childcare Institutions

EPW, 2022.

1.5 crore kids into substance abuse, govt informs Supreme Court,

Times of India, 2022

N for nose,: state of the education report for India 2019

UNESCO, 2019

Climate Change’s greatest victims are women and girls

UNICEF, 2023

Climate Change, Impact on Adolescent Girls,

UNICEF and Karama, 2023

Caste, unemployment and loss of property raise likelihood of migration in areas of India hit by climate change,

International Institute for Environment and Development, 2022.

Based on the international disaster database from EM-DAT.

Why Uttarakhand govt wants to evaluate the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods,

Indian Express, 2024.

India Disaster Report

National Institute of Disaster Management, 2013.

By Dismissing Petition on Chamoli Floods, Uttarakhand HC Ignored Environmental Concerns

The Wire, 2021.

Is Drought Becoming Synonymous With Jharkhand?

Outlook India, 2024.

Based on the international disaster database from EM-DAT.

State Profile of Assam

by Government of Assam, Directorate of Economics and Statistics.

Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia, Asian Development Bank, 2014

In a year marked by extreme weather events, India diluted environmental norms and pushed coal, Scroll, 2020.

Summary for Policymakers

IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group I, 2021

Costs of Climate Inaction, Displacement and Distress Migration, Climate Action Network South Asia and Action Aid, 2020

India, Migration from climate change getting worse, DW, 2023

Food production to dip, hunger to rise in India due to climate change, says report, The Hindu, 2022

2022 Global food policy report, Climate change and food systems, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2022

Report on Currency and Finance 2022 23

Reserve Bank of India, 2023

Climate Investment Opportunities in India’s Cooling Sector

World Bank, 2022.

Working on a warmer planet - the impact of heat stress on labour productivity and decent work

International Labour Organization, 2019.

This includes the Disaster Management Act, 2005, as amended (DMA) and the Disaster Risk Reduction framework thereunder.

As understood under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, as amended.

Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

IPCC Third Assessment Report, Working Group II, 2001

COVID-19 and Child Labour, A time of crisis, a time to act

UNICEF and International Labour Organization, 2020

Impacts of Climate Change on Health, Migration and Child Protection in the
Sundarbans region in India, Making interventions in Health, Migration, and Child Protection in Sundarbans more Climate responsive

Sreenita Mondal et al, 2022

Government of India

Estimate based on India National Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023 by NITI Aayog and Census 2011

Computation of Out-of-School Children Based on UDISE+ 2021-22

Education for All in India, 2022

The climate crisis and violence against children

Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary- General on Violence Against Children, 2022.

Child marriage and conflict & crisis

Girls Not Brides, 2021

Ending violence against children while addressing the global climate crisis

World Vision International, 2020

Estimation based on NFHS-5 (2019-21) and Census of India (2011)

Gender-based violence and child marriage

Girls Not Brides, 2021

How does climate change impact women and children across agroecological zones in India,

MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, 2024

The Aangan Trust (2024).

Impact of Escalating Heat Waves on Students’ Well-Being and Overall Health, A Survey of Primary School Teachers

Climate, 2023

The effect of trauma on the brain development of children,: Australia Institute of Family Studies, 2016

Can Childhood Trauma Cause Memory Loss? Sabino Recovery, 2024

Improving child and adolescent mental health in India, Status, services, policies, and way forward

Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 2019

The Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Children and Adolescents Affected by Tsunami

Disaster in Tamil Nadu, Disaster Management & Response, 2007

Six years on, cyclone Ockhi survivors battle lingering mental health impacts

Mongabay, 2023

UNICEF

The Climate Crisis is a Child Rights Crisis, August 2021

Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change increases the risk of child malnutrition, Evidence from a large scale observational study in India,

PLoS ONE, 2021

How does climate change impact women and children across agroecological zones in India

MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, 2024.

Cyclone Fani, Tracking Inclusion of Dalits, Adivasis, Minorities and other Maginalised Communities in the Disaster Response

National Dalit Watch and Ambedkar Lohia Vichar Manch, Odisha, 2019

The Extent of Inclusion of Dalit and Adivasi Communities in the Post-Disaster Response in Kerala 2018,

National Dalit Watch - National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights, 2018

A Study on the Impact of Droughts catalysed by Climate Change on the Dalits and the Adivasis of Marathwada region of Maharashtra

National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights, 2022.

The climate crisis and violence against children

Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children, October 2022.

Based on conservative estimates piecing together the few data points that exist to measure children’s development.

NFHS-5 (2019-21)

Effects of Malnutrition on the Immune System and Infection and the Role of
Nutritional Strategies Regarding Improvements in Children’s Health Status, A Literature Review,

Nutrients, 2023

Child labour, child marriage, sexual abuse etc.

Computation of Out-of-School Children Based on Administrative Data (UDISE+2021-22),

Education for all in India, 2022

India, Migration from climate change getting worse,

DW, 2023 and Bridgespan analysis.

Bridgespan analysis of comparative peers.

Pushed and Juggled Beyond the Margins, Budget for Children 2022-23

HAQ, Centre for Child Rights, 2023

M K Ranjitsinh & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors.

2024 INSC 280.

The disproportionate impact that climate change has on children has been acknowledged by senior government officials.

Measuring the Determinants of Childhood Vulnerability

UNICEF, March 2014.

CEEW’s Climate Vulnerability Index.

Bridgespan analysis based on a sample of 324 districts vulnerable to climate- related disasters

Census of India 2011

Maharashtra tops in POSCO crimes, 50% of victims lured online

Times of India, 2020

UP tops list with 67,000 pending Posco cases, Maharashtra next in line,

Times of India, 2023.

Child marriage and other crimes against children in Assam

Satyarthi, 2022

Crimes in India, National Crime Records Bureau, 2015

40 per cent human trafficking crimes occurred in Assam and WB,

The Hindu, 2016.

Rajasthan rank high in child labour

Times of India, 2012.

Report Footnotes

1 UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2023 (Pg- 20)

UNICEF

Prevent child labour, protect children in conflict and disaster,

Literature Review - Trafficking in Humanitarian Emergencies,

CEEW’s Climate Vulnerability Index.

Women at the Frontline of Climate Change,Gender Risks and Hopes,

How disasters, poverty fuel human trafficking

Humanitarian Action for Children, India

Global Climate Risk Index 2021

The Climate Crisis is a Child Rights Crisis

Children’s Climate Risk Index 2023

Namely water scarcity, riverine floods, coastal floods, tropical cyclones,vector borne diseases, heatwaves,air pollution, soil and water pollution.

CCRI determines children’s vulnerability based on a country’s metrics on child health and nutrition, education, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), poverty, communication assets, and social protection.

Humanitarian Action for Children, India,

Global heating to put 600 million Indians at greatest future risk,

Quantifying the human cost of global warming,

Climate Vulnerability Index 2021

Heat Index by University of Cambridge

Those who, among other things, possess limited financial resources and abilities to adapt and who are frequently excluded from social safety nets.

The State of the World’s Children 2023

UNICEF

Information Kit on Children in Need of Care & Protection, Issues,Programmes &Services

A Case for Functional Social Protection Portability to Address Vulnerabilities of Migration-affected Children

India National Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023

Child labour rises to 160 million – first increase in two decades

Ending child marriage and adolescent empowerment

India to overtake China as world’s most populous country in April 2023, United Nations projects,

How many children are there in India?

World Bank Data 2023

Census of India 2011

Orphaned Children and Childcare Institutions

1.5 crore kids into substance abuse, govt informs Supreme Court,

N for nose,: state of the education report for India 2019

Climate Change’s greatest victims are women and girls

Climate Change, Impact on Adolescent Girls,

Caste, unemployment and loss of property raise likelihood of migration in areas of India hit by climate change,

Based on the international disaster database from EM-DAT.

Why Uttarakhand govt wants to evaluate the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods,

India Disaster Report

By Dismissing Petition on Chamoli Floods, Uttarakhand HC Ignored Environmental Concerns

Is Drought Becoming Synonymous With Jharkhand?

Based on the international disaster database from EM-DAT.

State Profile of Assam

Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia, Asian Development Bank, 2014

In a year marked by extreme weather events, India diluted environmental norms and pushed coal, Scroll, 2020.

Summary for Policymakers

Costs of Climate Inaction, Displacement and Distress Migration, Climate Action Network South Asia and Action Aid, 2020

India, Migration from climate change getting worse, DW, 2023

Food production to dip, hunger to rise in India due to climate change, says report, The Hindu, 2022

2022 Global food policy report, Climate change and food systems, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2022

Report on Currency and Finance 2022 23

Climate Investment Opportunities in India’s Cooling Sector

Working on a warmer planet - the impact of heat stress on labour productivity and decent work

This includes the Disaster Management Act, 2005, as amended (DMA) and the Disaster Risk Reduction framework thereunder.

As understood under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, as amended.

Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

COVID-19 and Child Labour, A time of crisis, a time to act

Impacts of Climate Change on Health, Migration and Child Protection in theSundarbans region in India, Making interventions in Health, Migration, and Child Protection in Sundarbans more Climate responsive

Government of India

Estimate based on India National Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023 by NITI Aayog and Census 2011

Computation of Out-of-School Children Based on UDISE+ 2021-22

The climate crisis and violence against children

Child marriage and conflict & crisis

Ending violence against children while addressing the global climate crisis

Estimation based on NFHS-5 (2019-21) and Census of India (2011)

Gender-based violence and child marriage

How does climate change impact women and children across agroecological zones in India,

The Aangan Trust (2024).

Impact of Escalating Heat Waves on Students’ Well-Being and Overall Health, A Survey of Primary School Teachers

The effect of trauma on the brain development of children,: Australia Institute of Family Studies, 2016

Can Childhood Trauma Cause Memory Loss? Sabino Recovery, 2024

Improving child and adolescent mental health in India, Status, services, policies, and way forward

The Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Children and Adolescents Affected by Tsunami

Six years on, cyclone Ockhi survivors battle lingering mental health impacts

UNICEF

Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change increases the risk of child malnutrition, Evidence from a large scale observational study in India,

How does climate change impact women and children across agroecological zones in India

Cyclone Fani, Tracking Inclusion of Dalits, Adivasis, Minorities and other Maginalised Communities in the Disaster Response

The Extent of Inclusion of Dalit and Adivasi Communities in the Post-Disaster Response in Kerala 2018,

Impacts of Climate Change on Health, Migration and Child Protection in the
Sundarbans region in India, Making interventions in Health, Migration, and Child Protection in Sundarbans more Climate responsive

Effects of Malnutrition on the Immune System and Infection and the Role of
Nutritional Strategies Regarding Improvements in Children’s Health Status, A Literature Review,